Lecture Note Sophia 2024

５．10/31 Tue. Western Powers and Reactions 2: Colonial Encroachment
西洋の関与と対応２：植民地主義による囲い込み

  1. Two types of nationalism
    Continental Southeast Asia – ethnic dynasties
    Archipelagic Southeast Asia – trade network
  2. Liberal Projects
    Thomas Stamford Raffles
    From Mandala to Colonial States
  3. Population Growth and Interdependence
    Maddison’s Statistics
    Interconnectivity under the colonial order
    Steam Ships, Cables under the sea, Railways
    The Suez and Panama Canals
    Investments
    Importation of laborers: Indians and Chinese
    Trade Ties
  4. Military Conquest and the Unforgettable Other

    A Vietnam
  • Sino-French War
  • Emperor Hamgi vs French Admiral Coursey
  • Chinese epic story and the revolt of the gentry(郷紳)
  • central bureaucrats, provincial bureaucrats, exam takers, village leaders

B The Philippines

  • Catholicism and Native Priests（在俗司祭）
  • The Propaganda Movement
  • Jose Rizal
  • The Katipunan
  • The intervention of the United States

C Indonesia

  • Javanese War (1830s) The role of Diponegoro
  • The Samins (1880s)
  • Pilgrimage to Mecca
  • The Achenese war (1910s)

D Crypto-Colonialism–A valid concept?

Herzfeld, M. “The Absent Presence: Discourses of Crypto-Colonialism.” The South Atlantic quarterly 101 4 (2002): 899-926.
Winichakul, Thongchai. “Siam’s Colonial Conditions and the Birth of Thai History.” Southeast Asian Historiography Unravelling the Myths : Essays in Honour of Barend Jan Terwiel. Ed. Grabowsky, Volker. Bangkok: River Books, 2011. 320 p.
池端雪浦他『植民地抵抗運動とナショナリズムの展開』岩波書店, 2002.
池端雪浦『フィリピン革命とカトリシズム』勁草書房, 1987.
池端雪浦編『世界各国史 6　東南アジア史　島嶼部』山川出版社, 1999.
加納啓良『図説・「資源大国」東南アジア : 世界経済を支える「光と陰」の歴史』洋泉社, 2014.
加納啓良他『植民地経済の繁栄と凋落』岩波書店, 2001.

４．10/24 Tue. Western Powers and Reactions 1: Japan, Thailand and Myanmar
西洋の関与と対応１：日本、タイ、ミャンマー

1, Western Impact and Its Timing

1782 The establishment ofthe Rattanakosin dynasty
1785 Burmese King Bodopaya’ invasion of Siam
1810 A skirmish between Thai and Burmese
1812 Thai invasion of Pro-Vietnamese Cambodia
1819 Singapore is built as a free port city.
1810’s to 20’s Continuous skiermishes between Thai and Burmese
The First Anglo-Burmese War (1826)
1826 The Berney Treaty was signed (1826, An amicable, equal treaty beween Thailand and Britain and free trade agreement)
1827 Thai invasion of Cambodia
1832 Thai pacification in the South (Northern part of the Malay peninsula)
1833-1847 Another conflict with the Vietnamese over Cambodia
1837 The Thai’s last mission to Qing Dynasty
The 1st opium war
Perry’s visit to Japan
The 2nd opium war
1856 The Bowling Treaty was signed (Formal diplomatic relations between Thailand and Britain)
1861 Treaty of Beijing
1868 Meiji Restoration

  1. Impact and Reactions
  • Seeing the fall of Qing Dynasty in China, the end of Sinocentrism
  • Western powers: colonialist, advanced technology, militaristic, constitutional system
  • Relative national unification for Japan
  • Much more population in Japan than in Burma or Thailand
  1. Konbaung Burma
  • Three revered kings:
    King Anawrahta (1044-1077): Founder of the Pagan Empire,the first unified kingdom of the Burmese people, fought against the Mon and brought heir holy scripts to the Burmese, Invented the Burmese script from the Mon script
    King Bayint Naung (1551-1581): The third king of the Taun-ngoo (Toungoo) Kingdom, attacked and occupied the Thai Ayutaya Kingdom, tried to establish a strong kingdom based on Theravada Buddhism but died during the expadition to attack the Arakans
    King Alaungmintaya (1752-1765): the Founder of the Konbaung dynasty
  • Traditional rivalry with the Mon and Shan
  • A tour to Europe
  • Expeditions to Assam and Manipur (Presentday India)
  • Three waves of British Invasion (Anglo-Burmese Wars)
    First war (1824-26): The Burmese lost Arakan and Tennaserium and gave up the sphere of influence on Assam and Manipur
    Second War (1853-1878): The Burmese lost the lower section of Burma (landlocked, and lost the delta area of the Irawaddy river).
  • King Mindon (Mindon Min)’s modernization effort: National industries, foreign advisory from the French and others), sending students to Europe. All these failed because, being a pacifist, Mindon’s successor were assasinated by a rival faction.
  • Later, Mindon’s efforts to re-edit the Buddhist scriptures.
  • The succession by Thibaw
  • French rapprochment and British belligerence (esp. its merchants)
    Third War (1855): Occupation of Mandaley and the end of the Konbaung dynasty
  • No unification of different ethnic minorities
  • No access to the sea after the 2nd Anglo-Burmese War.
  • Strong Burmese identity in a multi-ethnic country
  1. Rattanakosin (Chakri) Thai
  • King as the protector of Buddhism and Sangha and the head of Buddist lay persons
  • Rama IV Mongkut (1851-1868) and Rama V Chulalongkorn (1868-1910), both considered enlightened
  • Rama IV: Conversation with Catholic priests, learning English
  • Rama V: Educated by Anna Leonowens
  • Rama V: Tours to Europe and other Southeast Asia

[King and I]
https://duckduckgo.com/?q=king+and+I+1956&atb=v314-1&iar=videos&iax=videos&ia=videos&iai=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHvbZNxZFn-g

  • Modernist reforms: monogamy, abolishment of slaves, modern education, foreign advisory, uniform administration, citizenship law (to control the Chinese), pole tax, census

Chulalongkorn as a modernizer
https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2023/10/18/bookings-open-for-steam-engine-train-ride-to-mark-chulalongkorn-day

  • Constitutional Revolution in 1932
  • No king residing in Thailand from 1935-1948
  • Pan-Thaism
  1. Meiji Japan
  1. Success and Failure
    Burma:
  • Ethnic king, Buddhist revival when the British invasion was happening in order to attact the support of the ethnic minorities
  • Revelation for the three Kings, all Burmese.
  • Traditionally powerful military

Thai:

  • Able to converse and get direct information from foreigners
  • Traditionally free trade
  • Flexible reaction, the loss of its territories
  • Continuous royal linage, military coups

Japan:

  • Itself became an colonial empire.
  • Militaristic tradition and “Prosperous country, stron military” slogan
  • Its people became pro-expansionist

The question of expansionism:

  • Had the power to do so, does every single people become liable for expansionism?

    Refs.:
    石井米雄、桜井由躬雄『大陸部』山川出版社, 1999.
    根本敬『物語ビルマの歴史 : 王朝時代から現代まで』中央公論新社, 2014.
    安丸良夫『近代天皇像の形成』岩波書店 2007.

    ３．10/17 Tue. Japan and Southeast Asia in the Premodern Times 2: Trade and Relations
    前近代の日本と東南アジア２：交易と関係
  1. Premodern Trades
    A The Chinese and place names [maps]

B Zheng He（鄭和） [pictures]

  • To entice tributes
  • To placate local disputes
  • Brought giraffs from Africa

C The Rykyuans

  • From the 14th to the 19th century
  • From SEA: Peppers, Ivory, incense; To Ming Dynasty: Swords, Weapons, fans; To Jpn, Cotton cloth, silk, medicines

D The silver

  • The korean refining technique 灰吹き法
  • Japan as silver exporter
  • The Galleon trade between the Philippine and Mexico – Mexican silver came to east Asia.
  • Silver as a exchange good.

D Port City(港市)[map]

  • King of the port, ministers of commerce, merchants
  • emphatically multi-ethnic
  • In case of Malacca (Mulaca), Indian (Northwestern India) Indian (Bago and India), SE Asian (Sumatra), SE Asian (Java, Kalimantan, Luzon, the Moluccas)
  • Goods from the hind land, stories of cannibalism
  • Slave trade
  • Nyai
  1. Colonial Impact
    A The Portugese, Japanese
  • The portugese brought firearms and they became firing squads
  • The Cartas in the Indian Ocean but not in SEA
  • Japanese Mercenaries after the battle of Sekigahara in the 16th century
  • Japanese towns in Manila and Ayutaya

B The Dutch

  • The first corporation VOC (The Dutch East Indian Company)
  • Rivalry with the British
  • Repeated interventions into the Javanese royal families
  • Territorial expansion and plantations

C Construction of Singapore

  • Stamford Raffles idea of free trade
  • Exchange of territories with the Dutch
  • Separation from Ache
  • A need for a new port: Singapore
  • A stepping stone to China. Language learning Abdulah Story.

D British and French

  • the late comers in the 19th century. For the British, India was important. For the French, they were more interested in China.
  • The latter extended its influence due to their victory against the Chinese.
  1. Border Control
    A Case 1: Chinese in the Philippines
  • Prohibition against the inflow of the Chinese, but porous border

B Case 2: Europeans in the Dutch West Indies

  • Citizenship based on race. The Dutch, the natives, the forieng orientals (Mainly Chinese, but also Japanese). The issues of mix blood people. Didain from the Dutch (esp. the Dutch women). Anti-Muslim.

    Refs.:
    Day, Tony. Fluid Iron : State Formation in Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002.
    Geertz, Clifford. Negara : The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980.
    岸本美緒『東アジアの｢近世｣』山川出版社, 1998.
    弘末雅士『海の東南アジア史 : 港市・女性・外来者』ちくま新書, 2022.
    永淵康之「東南アジアにおける王国と儀礼」網野善彦他『人類社会の中の天皇と王権』第1巻. 岩波書店, 2002.

２．10/10 Tue. Japan and Southeast Asia in the Premodern Times 1: Traditional Authorities
前近代の日本と東南アジア１：王権

  1. RoyalAuthority and Nation States
  • nation states being so diverse, partly represented by different kinds of royalty.
  • Traditionally, states did not emerge without kings. Now, states can exist without kings or queens.
  • republicanism, dictatorship, constitutional monarchy
  • absolutism => constitutional monarchy or republicanism
  • Weber’s three sources of power: traditional rule (male lineage), charisma, rationality => Very discreet.
  • Prototype 1 China:
    — Tenshi 天子 and Kotei 皇帝 as the former to be used in foreign relations while the latter for domestic purposes
    — Use of stamps 璽
    — 長子継承性 The succession by the eldest son
    — Eventual bureaucraticization: An order 冊書 over the stamp 璽. Reading the order of the previous emperor before his dead body.
    => Importance of the recognition of the high ranking officials.
  • Prototype 2 Europe:
    — Aristotle’s definition of Kingdom and Republic, in the latter, the authority of the king is limited by the law.
    — Emperor over the kings.
    — Three sources of legitimacy: Inheriting ancient Roman Empire, Its power must be universal普遍性 and sacrosanct神聖性
    — 王権神授説 The royal right given by God.
    — Conglomerate State: Consisting of lower, interchangeable units.
    — Mid-level organizations
    — The King as inducing miracles, having two bodies (perishable real body, perpetual body passed onto the next king)
    — Intricate theology to suppor the legitimacy of the king.
    — Visual, long-lasting ritualization like palaces and paintings.
    Velasquez’s Las Meninas
  1. Japanese emperor
    A Tsuda Sokichi（津田左右吉）’s argument
  • The Japanese emperor is inside the nation. The emperor perpetually exist along with the Japanese people and Japanese state. This is the source of his authority. This system is very different from the Chinese emperor who is standing opposed to its people like Heaven and Earth.
  • Tsuda’s scholarship under imperial Japan: Manchurian and Korean History; Separation of History of the East and Japanese history

B. Tenno Kikansetsu (天皇機関説）

  • Uesugi Shinkichi（上杉慎吉） -　Emperor is the soverign through his personal rule
  • Minobe Tatsukichi (美濃部達吉）- The State is the soverign and emperor has no personal influence.
  • The Emperor sovereign theory was supported by the government of the time in 1935.
  • Tsuda’s stance: Critical of the documents Kojiki and Manyoshu that supported the Emperor sovereign theory; Critical of the Japanese invasion of China as Japan is Japan and China is China and the two cannot mix. But the Japanese has a duty to uplift China.
  • The Chinese has no nation; The Japanese has a nation centered around the Japanese emperor.

C. Watsuji Tetsuro’s argument

  • Minponshugi (people centeredness) is the characteristic of the Japanese imperial institution and its own pride.
  • The emperor’s will is that of God. Both the emperor and individual people are the reflection of God’s will as manifested in the people’s consciousness.
  • Socialism under the Japanese imperial system is most appropriate. He regarded Kojiki and Manyoshu highly.
  • The repatriates (帰化人、the Korean artistocrats who settled in Japan) provided the foundation to the Japanse nation. Thus, it incorporates the essence of the Indian and Chinese civiliations as well as those of the ancient Greek and Hellenistic civilizations.
  • The Japanese can discern the best of both worlds, the West and the East.
  • The major texts of Watsuji were written after the May 4th or March 1st movements.
  • Moving closer to overcoming modernity.
  • The Chinese cannot establish modern states. Thus, the Japanese were destined to conquer the Chinese.

D The postwar thinking

  • Watsuji: The Japanese nation cannot include the Taiwanese or Koreans.
  • Tsuda: As a symbol, the Japanese imperial system should include the Ainu and Koreans.
  1. Southeast Asia
    ［DVD Baraka］

Ref.:
網野善彦ほか『人類社会の中の天皇と王権』(岩波講座天皇と王権を考える 第1巻)岩波書店, 2002.
安丸良夫ほか『王権と儀礼』（岩波講座天皇と王権を考える 第5巻）岩波書店, 2002.

1.10/3 Tue. Guidance

  1. What is East Asia? What is Southeast Asia?　The West?
    A East Asia
  • Chinese characters　漢字
  • Confucianist tradition　儒教
  • Sinocentrism: Son of Heaven天子 <=> barbarians 夷狄 【Conceptual Map】
    Center-Provinces/Tributary/Sanctioned Trading States　中央―地方／朝貢／互市
  • Zhang He’s 鄭和　voyage to Africa
  • Relative isolation from each other in the early modern era近世.

B Southeast Asia

  • Lands Below the Wind 風下の地域
  • Absence of civilization 文明の欠落
  • World Religions flowing in.　世界宗教の受容
  • No land power.
  • Trade as the norm in its entire history
  • Scarcely populated
  • Tropical natural resources for the Europeans, Indians, Arabs, Chinese and Japanese.

C. The West

  • Industrial Revolutions　産業革命: The British Society
  • Bourgeois Revolutions　市民革命
  • Peace of Westphalia (24 Oct. 1648)　ウエスト・ファリアの講和
  • Scientific Revolution
  • Esp. from the 18th c. to the 20th c. Conquest and colonialism
  1. Colonial Empires
    A. Geography
  • The world map of Western dominance　【map】 blank map
  • maps of East and SEA

B. Why colonialism and what kind of governance?

  • Kotoku Shusui’s “The Monster of the 20th century”
  • Lenin’s economic reasons (Competition over resources and markets => imperial wars)
  • Hobson’s emigration of unwanted elements. Non parliamentary system in the colonies. Moral argument.
  • Hanna Arendt’s incubation of racism
  • Racism as its essential feature and at its core.

Ref.:
岡田泰平「植民地主義と向き合う――過ぎ去らない帝国の遺産――」東京大学教養学部歴史学部会編『歴史学の思考法 : 東大連続講義』岩波書店, 2020, 95～112頁